RADIATION HAZARDS AND PROTECTION

RADIATION HAZARDS AND PROTECTION

1. Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation
狹ﾒｷﾃﾒｺ眷鯢ﾇ靨狠ﾗ靉ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｷﾐﾅﾘ爐鰓莉羯犹ﾗ鯱狡ﾗ靉｢ﾍｧﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂｨﾐｷﾓ耆鮹ﾕ ionization 爍ﾔｴ｢ﾖ鮖羯 cell
爍ﾔｴ hydroxyl radical 爍ﾔｴ H₂ O₂ ｷﾓ耆・Enzyme ｷﾕ險ﾓ狃郢癸陦ﾒﾃﾁﾕｪﾕﾇﾔｵ｢ﾍｧ爿ﾅﾅ・ﾊﾗ靉ﾁ､ﾘｳﾀﾒｾ莉ﾋﾃﾗﾍ
ﾊﾒﾃﾍﾗ雹・ｷﾕ險ﾓ狃郢眷ﾐﾊﾓ､ﾑｭｵ靉筅ﾃｧﾊﾃ鰓ｧ｢ﾍｧ爿ﾅﾅ・ﾙ｡ｷﾓﾅﾒﾂﾋﾃﾗﾍﾍﾒｨｨﾐ爍ﾔｴ｡ﾒﾃ盞｡ﾋﾑ｡｢ﾍｧ
Chromosome ｫﾖ隗ｷﾓ耆鰲ｫﾅﾅ・ﾁ靆ﾒﾁﾒﾃｶｨﾐ蘯隗ｵﾑﾇ眷ﾐﾁﾕｪﾕﾇﾔｵﾍﾂﾙ鞴ｴ・BR> ｡ﾒﾃ盞｡ﾋﾑ｡｢ﾍｧ chromosome ｹﾕ・ｶ鰓爿ﾅﾅ・ﾁ雜ﾙ｡ｷﾓﾅﾒﾂ莉｡遞ﾐｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴ｡ﾒﾃ狃ﾅﾕ霙ｹ盻ﾅｧ｢ﾍｧ
Gene ｷﾕ鞨ﾃﾕﾂ｡ﾇ靨 Gene Mutation ｢ﾖ鮖
ﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂ｢ﾍｧ､ｹ狹ﾒﾊﾒﾁﾒﾃｶｷｹｵ靉ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ羯ｨﾓｹﾇｹｨﾓ｡ﾑｴ箒ﾂｷﾕ靈ｹ鰓ｷﾕ襍靨ｧ・｢ﾍｧﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂｨﾐ菽鞨ﾊﾕﾂ
箒ﾂｻ｡ｵﾔ狹ﾒ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｨﾒ｡ｸﾃﾃﾁｪﾒｵﾔﾍﾂﾙ襍ﾅﾍｴ猊ﾅﾒ爼雹ｨﾒ｡ cosmic rays ｨﾒ｡ﾊﾒﾃ狹ｴﾔ簣睿､ｵﾕｻﾊ・靨ｧ・BR> ｷﾕ靉ﾂﾙ霤ﾍｺ・ｵﾑﾇ狹ﾒ盞鞨ｻ郢｢ｹﾒｴｷﾕ雹鯱ﾂ菽霍ﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂ｢ﾖ鮖ｷﾑｹｷﾕｷﾕ霤靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ犹ﾗ靉ｧｨﾒ｡ﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂ
ﾁﾕ｡ﾒﾃｫ靉ﾁ皚ﾁﾊ霽ｹｷﾕ霖ﾕ｡ﾒﾃ猝ﾕﾂﾋﾒﾂ Biological effect ｢ﾍｧﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｨﾐ猴郢莇鬘邨靉狠ﾗ靉｡ﾒﾃｷﾓﾅﾒﾂﾁﾕﾁﾒ｡｡ﾇ靨｡ﾒﾃｫ靉ﾁ皚ﾁﾍﾂ靨ｧ菘｡邨ﾒﾁﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ｡酊ﾑｧ狃郢ﾊﾒ猴ｵﾘﾋｹﾖ隗ｷﾕ霍ﾓ耆鯱ﾒﾂﾘ｢ﾍｧ､ｹﾊﾑ鮖ﾅｧ
1.1 Indirect action
ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｷﾓｻｯﾔ｡ﾃﾔﾂﾒ｡ﾑｺ H₂O 耆・free radical 3 ｵﾑﾇ､ﾗﾍ e^-_aq , hydroxyl radical (OH° ) 眷ﾐ
hydrogen radical (H° ) ﾊﾒﾁﾒﾃｶｷﾓｻｯﾔ｡ﾃﾔﾂﾒ phospholipid, amino â , sugar phosphate backbone 眷ﾐ
nitrogeneous base 羯 DNA 莇・organic free radical (R° )
OH° + RH R° + H₂O
1.2 Direct action
ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｷﾓｻｯﾔ｡ﾃﾔﾂﾒ｡ﾑｺ RH biological molecule (RH) 耆・organic free radical
RH R° + H ⁺
Free radical ｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴ oxidative stress ﾀﾒﾂ羯 cell

Oxygen effect
O₂ 猝ﾃﾔﾁﾄｷｸﾔ・ﾍｧ free radical ｴﾑｧﾊﾁ｡ﾒﾃｵ靉莉ｹﾕ・BR> O₂ + e^-_aq O_2° superoxide anion ( O_2°)
O₂ + H° HO_2°hydroperoxy radical (HO_2°)
O₂ + R° RO_2°Organicperoxy radical (RO_2°)

O_2°ｨﾐ oxidize 篏ﾃｵﾕｹﾋﾃﾗﾍ猩ｹ茘ﾁ・ﾕ霖ﾕ sulhydryl group (- SH) 狃郢 thiyl radical (RS) ｴﾑｧﾊﾁ｡ﾒﾃｵ靉莉ｹﾕ・BR> O_2° + RSH RS° + H₂O₂

HO_2° ｨﾐﾃﾇﾁｵﾑﾇ｡ﾑｹ猩ｧﾋﾃﾗﾍｷﾓｻｯﾔ｡ﾃﾔﾂﾒ｡ﾑｺ RH 耆・H₂O₂ｴﾑｧﾊﾁ｡ﾒﾃｵ靉莉ｹﾕ・BR>

2 HO_2° H₂O₂ + O₂

HO_2°+ RH R° + H₂O₂
H₂O₂ (菽鞨ｻ郢ｾﾔﾉ) oxidize Fe, Cu, Zn 莇・OH°

Fe⁺² + H₂O₂ Fe⁺³ + OH° + OH°

RO_2° 盞｡ｵﾑﾇ耆・Organic oxyradical (RO° ) ｫﾖ隗ｹﾓ莉ﾊﾙ陦ﾒﾃ盞｡ﾊﾅﾒﾂ｢ﾍｧ molecule

2 RO_2° 2 RO° + O₂
fragments
ﾊﾒﾃ爨ﾁﾕｷﾕ陦靉耆鰲｡ﾔｴ free radical 莇鱆｡・BR> 1. Air pollution 爼雹 O₃ : NO : NO₂ 狃郢ｵ鮖
2. Smoking 爼雹ｹ鰌ﾁﾑｹ tar 羯羲ﾂﾒﾊﾙｺ狃郢ｵ鮖
3. Organic solvent 爼雹 CCL₄ 狃郢ｵ鮖
4. Herbicide 爼雹 paraquat 狃郢ｵ鮖
5. Carcinogen 爼雹 benzopyrene 狃郢ｵ鮖
6. Anticancer drug 爼雹 adriamycin 狃郢ｵ鮖
7. Antimicrobial drug 爼雹 cephaloridine 狃郢ｵ鮖

Superoxide dismutase

Enzyne ｡ﾓｨﾑｴ free radical Catalase

Glutalhione (GSH)

2. Radiation Hazards
ﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂｷﾕ鞨｡ﾔｴｨﾒ｡ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕﾍﾒｨｨﾐ蘯隗莇鰲ｻ郢 2 ｾﾇ｡､ﾗﾍ
2.1 ｾﾇ｡ｷﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕﾁﾒ｡羯ｷﾑｹｷﾕｷﾑｹ羔爼雹｡ﾒﾃ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｨﾒ｡ﾃﾐ犲ﾔｴｻﾃﾁﾒｳﾙﾍﾘｺﾑｵﾔ猴ｵﾘ
ｨﾒ｡ Nuclear reactor ｾﾇ｡ｹﾕ鬨ﾐｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂｷﾑｹｷﾕﾋﾅﾑｧｨﾒ｡莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ (Acute radiation hazards)
､ﾇﾒﾁﾃﾘｹ眦ｧ｢ﾍｧ Acute radiation hazard ｢ﾖ鮖ﾍﾂﾙ陦ﾑｺｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｴﾑｧｵ靉莉ｹﾕ鬢ﾗﾍ
2.1.1 0-100 rems: subclinical range
- no incidence of vomiting
2.1.2 100-200 rems: clinical surveillance
- vomiting at 3 hrs after exposure
- moderate leukopenia
- several weeks for convalescent peroid

2.1.3 200-600 rems: therapy effective
- vomiting at 2 hrs after exposure
- severe leukopenia, purpura, infection
- treatment: blood transfusion, antibiotics
- 1 - 12 months for convalescent peroid
2.1.4 600-1000 rems: therapy promising
- vomiting at 1 hr after exposure
- severe leukopenia, hemorrhage, infection
- epilation at 4-6 wk. after exposure
- treatment: bone marrow transplantation
- long convalescent peroid or dead within
2 months because of hemorrhage and infection
2.1.5 1000-5000 rems therapy palliative
- vomiting at 30 minutes after exposure
- diarrhea, fever, disturbance of electrolyte balance
- treatment :- maintenance of electrolyte balance
- dead with in 2 weeks because of circulatory collapse
2.1.6 Over 5000 rems : therapy palliative
- vomiting at 30 minutes after exposure
- convulsion, tremor, ataxia, lethargy
- treatment :- sedatives
- dead within 2 days because of respiratory failure, brain edema
2.2 ｾﾇ｡ｷﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ｢ｹﾒｴｹ鯱ﾂ眷ﾐｺ靉ﾂ・爼雹ｾﾇ｡ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ眄ｷﾂ・犢､ｹﾔ爼ﾕ霙ｹｾﾂﾒｺﾒﾅ眷ﾐ､ｹｧﾒｹ
ｷﾕ霍ﾓｧﾒｹ爍ﾕ霙ﾇ｡ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕﾍﾗ雹・爼雹 Nuclear Reactor ､ｹ茲鮃ﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺ｡ﾒﾃﾃﾑ｡ﾉﾒ篥､ (菽鞳ｪ鞣ﾃ､ﾁﾐ狹遘) ｴ鯢ﾂﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ
､ｹ茲鮃ﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺ｡ﾒﾃｵﾃﾇｨ篥､ｴ鯢ﾂﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ｡ﾒﾃ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ羯｢ｹﾒｴｹ鯱ﾂ・ｺ靉ﾂ・狃郢ﾃﾐﾂﾐ猊ﾅﾒｹﾒｹｹﾕ鱠ﾁ霍ﾓ耆・BR> 爍ﾔｴﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂ羯ｷﾑｹｷﾕｷﾑｹ羔盞險ﾐｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂ羯ﾀﾒﾂﾋﾅﾑｧ莇・(Late radiation hazards)
2.2.1 Somatic effects
- Carcinogenesis ｾｺﾇ靨｡ﾒﾃ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ｢ｹﾒｴｹ鯱ﾂ・眷ﾐｺ靉ﾂ・ｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴ狃郢ﾁﾐ狹遘
｢ﾖ鮖莇・爼雹ﾁﾐ狹遘｢ﾍｧｼﾔﾇﾋｹﾑｧﾁﾐ狹遘｢ﾍｧ｡ﾃﾐｴﾙ｡ﾁﾐ狹遘｢ﾍｧ狠邏簀ﾋﾔｵ｢ﾒﾇﾍﾒｨｨﾐ爍ﾔｴ｢ﾖ鮖ﾀﾒﾂﾋﾅﾑｧｷﾕ鞴ｴ・BR> ﾃﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ狃郢猊ﾅﾒｹﾒｹｵﾑ鬧盞・15 ｻﾕ｢ﾖ鮖莉
- Life shortening ｷﾓ耆鯱ﾒﾂﾘﾊﾑ鮖
- Bone marrow depression ｷﾓ耆鰲ﾁ邏倏ﾗﾍｴｵ勒
- Cataractogenesis ｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴ Cataract ｢ﾍｧ倏ｹｫ・ﾙ｡ｵﾒ
- Sterility ｷﾓ耆鰲ｻ郢ﾋﾁﾑｹ
- Foetus Abnormality 爍ﾔｴ Abnormality ｢ﾍｧｷﾒﾃ｡ｷﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ｢ｳﾐﾍﾂﾙ鞳ｹ､ﾃﾃﾀ・ﾒﾃｴﾒ
- Hypoplasia and Atrophy of tissue 爼雹｢ﾍｧ Thymus gland., Thyroid gland
2.2.2 Genetic effects
ｾｺﾇ靨羯｡ﾒﾃｷｴﾅﾍｧ｡ﾑｺﾊﾑｵﾇ・ﾅﾑｧｨﾒ｡莇鯏ﾑｺ Raidation ｨﾐｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴ Gene Mutation ｢ﾖ鮖
羯ｾﾇ｡ Generation ﾋﾅﾑｧ・Gene Mutation ｷﾕ鞨｡ﾔｴ｢ﾖ鮖ｹﾕ鰲ｻ郢 Bad Mutation 盞鞳ｹ､ｹ狃郢｡ﾒﾃﾂﾒ｡ｷﾕ險ﾐｷﾃﾒｺ
ﾇ靨ﾁﾕ Gene Mutation 爍ﾔｴ｢ﾖ鮖ﾋﾃﾗﾍ菽・狎ﾃﾒﾐｨﾓｹﾇｹ､ｹｷﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺ Radiation 羯｢ｹﾒｴｷﾕ險ﾐｷﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴ Bad Gene
Mutation ﾁﾕｹ鯱ﾂ狠ﾗ靉犢ﾕﾂｺ｡ﾑｺ General population 眷ﾐ｡ﾒﾃｷﾕ險ﾐｷﾃﾒｺｶﾖｧ Effect ｢ﾍｧ Gene Mutation ｹﾕ・BR> ｡鈬ｪ鰲ﾇﾅﾒｹﾒｹｩﾐｹﾑ鮖羯｢ｳﾐｹﾕ鬨ﾖｧﾂﾑｧｺﾍ｡菽鞴ｴ鱆ｹ雹ﾍｹﾇ靨ｨﾐ爍ﾔｴﾁﾕ Genetic effect ｢ﾖ鮖羯､ｹﾋﾃﾗﾍ菽・BR>
3. Radiation Protection to radiation worker
3.1 Protection from External exposure ﾍﾒｨｨﾐｷﾓ莇鰾ｴﾂ｡ﾒﾃﾊﾓﾃﾇｨ､靨ｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ羯ｺﾃﾔ猊ｳｷﾕ・BR> ｷﾓｧﾒｹ (Radiation survey) 眷ﾐｻｯﾔｺﾑｵﾔｵﾒﾁﾋﾑﾇ｢鯱ｵ靉莉ｹﾕ鯱ﾂ靨ｧ爨ﾃ隗､ﾃﾑｴ
3.1.1 Limiting the time of exposure ｾﾂﾒﾂﾒﾁ耆鯏ﾐﾂﾐ猊ﾅﾒｷﾕ霤靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂｶﾙ｡ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕﾊﾑ鮖ｷﾕ靆ﾘｴ犢靨ｷﾕ・BR> ｨﾐｷﾓ莇・箒ﾂﾍﾒﾈﾑﾂ､ﾇﾒﾁｪﾓｹﾒｭ眷ﾐﾃﾇｴ狹酩羯｡ﾒﾃｷﾓｧﾒｹ
3.1.2 Remaining Distant from the Source ﾍﾂﾙ鞳ﾋ鱠｡ﾅｨﾒ｡ｵ鮖｡ﾓ犹ﾔｴﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ｢ﾍｧﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ耆鮹ﾒ｡ｷﾕ靆ﾘｴ
犢靨ｷﾕ險ﾐﾁﾒ｡莇・ﾍﾒﾈﾑﾂﾋﾅﾑ｡｢ﾍｧ｡ｯｻｯﾔﾀﾒ､ﾊ霽ｹ｡ﾅﾑｺｷﾕ霽靨ｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳ｢ﾍｧﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｨﾐｹ鯱ﾂﾅｧ狃郢ｻｯﾔﾀﾒ､｡ﾑｺﾃﾐﾂﾐｷﾒｧ
｡ﾓﾅﾑｧﾊﾍｧｷﾕ鞨ｾﾔ霖｢ﾖ鮖
3.1.3 Shielding 箒ﾂ罨鯢ﾑｵｶﾘｺﾒｧﾍﾂ靨ｧｷﾕ霖ﾕ､ﾇﾒﾁﾋｹﾒ盪雹 (ｹ鰌ﾋｹﾑ｡) ﾁﾒ｡爼雹盥隗ｵﾐ｡ﾑ霽
ﾋﾃﾗﾍ盥隗､ﾍｹ｡ﾃﾕｵ｡ﾑ鮖ﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ萇鰲ﾊﾕﾂ｡靉ｹｷﾕ險ﾐﾁﾒｶﾖｧｵﾑﾇ狹ﾒ
3.2 Protection from internal exposure ､ﾗﾍ｡ﾒﾃｻ鯱ｧ｡ﾑｹﾊﾒﾃ狹ｴﾔ簣莽筬箙ｻﾊ・｢鰓莉ﾍﾂﾙ鞳ｹﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂ
｢ﾍｧ狹ﾒｫﾖ隗ﾍﾒｨｨﾐ爐鰓ｷﾒｧｻﾒ｡ｷﾒｧ｡ﾒﾃﾋﾒﾂ罟ﾋﾃﾗﾍｼﾔﾇﾋｹﾑｧｶﾅﾍ｡眷鯢莉ﾊﾐﾊﾁﾍﾂﾙ霍ﾕ靉ﾇﾑﾂﾇﾐ羔ﾍﾇﾑﾂﾇﾐﾋｹﾖ隗
(critical organ) ﾋﾃﾗﾍ｡ﾃﾐｨﾒﾂｷﾑ霽ｺﾃﾔ猊ｳｴﾑｧｹﾑ鮖｡ﾒﾃｻｯﾔｺﾑｵﾔｧﾒｹ爍ﾕ霙ﾇ｡ﾑｺ莽筬箙ｻﾊ・ﾕ霤ﾐ猴ﾂ莇魴鯱ｧｷﾓ羯
Fume Hood 眷ﾐﾃﾐﾇﾑｧ菽鞳ﾋ鱠ﾍ筬箙ｻﾊ・ｻﾗ鯱ｹｾﾗ鮖箒ﾂ｡ﾒﾃﾇﾒｧ莽筬箙ｻﾊ・ｹﾀﾒｪｹﾐｵ靨ｧﾋﾒ｡罨鬘ﾃﾐｴﾒﾉ
ﾃﾍｧｾﾗ鮖ﾊﾓﾋﾃﾑｺﾇﾒｧﾀﾒｪｹﾐ飜鞴ﾍ筬箙ｻﾊ・ﾊﾇﾁ猝ﾗ鯱､ﾅﾘﾁ眷ﾐ狃ﾅﾕ霙ｹﾃﾍｧ犢鰓狠ﾗ靉爐鰓莉羯ﾋ鯱ｧｻｯﾔｺﾑｵﾔｧﾒｹ
莽筬箙ｻﾊ・菽陦ﾔｹﾍﾒﾋﾒﾃﾋﾃﾗﾍｴﾗ霖ｹ鰌羯ﾋ鯱ｧｻｯﾔｺﾑｵﾔ｡ﾒﾃ莽筬箙ｻﾊ・BR> ﾋﾁﾒﾂ猴ｵﾘｼﾙ鬮ﾖ隗ｷﾓｧﾒｹ爍ﾕ霙ﾇ｡ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｨﾐｵ鯱ｧｵﾔｴ爨ﾃﾗ靉ｧﾇﾑｴｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ爼雹 Film badge ﾋﾃﾗﾍ Pocket
dosemeter 狃郢ｻﾃﾐｨﾓ羯｢ｳﾐｷﾓｧﾒｹ猝ﾁﾍ狎ﾗ靉ｷﾃﾒｺｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｷﾕ襍ｹ莇鯏ﾑｺ

4. Dose Limit ﾋﾃﾗﾍ Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)
､ﾗﾍｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳ｢ﾍｧﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｫﾖ隗ﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂﾊﾒﾁﾒﾃｶﾃﾑｺ莇鰾ｴﾂ菽霍ﾓ耆鰲｡ﾔｴﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂ｢ﾖ鮖癸霤靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂ｢ﾍｧｼﾙ鮃ﾕ霍ﾓｧﾒｹ
爍ﾕ霙ﾇ｢鯱ｧ｡ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ International Commission of Radiological Protection 盪ﾐｹﾓ萇鯢靨｢ｹﾒｴ｢ﾍｧﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｷﾕ・BR> 莇鯏ﾑｺ菽隍ﾇﾃ爍ﾔｹ 80 Millirems ｵ靉ﾍﾒｷﾔｵﾂ・ﾋﾃﾗﾍ 2 rems ｵ靉ｻﾕ眷ﾐｵﾅﾍｴｪﾕﾇﾔｵﾃ靨ｧ｡ﾒﾂ菽隍ﾇﾃ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ
爍ﾔｹ｡ﾇ靨 40 rems. 眷ﾐｶ鰓莇鯏ﾑｺｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｨﾒ｡ﾍﾘｺﾑｵﾔ猴ｵﾘｵ勒｡ﾇ靨 10 rems ｡遞ﾐ菽鞨｡ﾔｴﾍﾑｹｵﾃﾒﾂ羔・BR> ICRP 莇鬘ﾓﾋｹｴ萇鯢靨ｺﾘ､､ﾅｷﾑ霽莉ﾋﾃﾗﾍｻﾃﾐｪﾒｪｹ菽隍ﾇﾃ莇鯏ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ爍ﾔｹ｡ﾇ靨 1/20 ｢ﾍｧ､靨
ｫﾖ隗｡ﾓﾋｹｴ萇鯡ﾓﾋﾃﾑｺｼﾙ鮃ﾓ｡ﾒﾃ爍ﾕ霙ﾇ｡ﾑｺﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ
｡ﾒﾃ罨鯏ﾑｧﾊﾕ羯｡ﾒﾃﾃﾑ｡ﾉﾒ篥､ﾋﾃﾗﾍ｡ﾒﾃﾇﾔｹﾔｨｩﾑﾂ篥､ｶﾗﾍﾇ靨狃郢､ﾇﾒﾁｨﾓ狃郢菽雹ﾓ､靨ｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ
ｷﾕ鞴ｴ鯏ﾑｺﾁﾒ爍ﾕ霙ﾇ｢鯱ｧ｡ﾑｺ､靨 MPD

5. ﾇﾔｸﾕ｡ﾒﾃﾅｴ､靨ｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕ羯｡ﾒﾃｶ靨ﾂ猩｡ｫ狹ﾂ・ｾﾗ靉ﾇﾔｹﾔｨｩﾑﾂ篥､
犢､ｹﾔ､｢ﾍｧ｡ﾒﾃ罨鰲､ﾃﾗ靉ｧ猩｡ｫ狹ﾂ・ｾﾗ靉耆鰲ｨ鰓ﾋｹ鰓ｷﾕ鞦ﾅﾐｼﾙ鮟霽ﾂ莇鯏ﾑｺｻﾃﾔﾁﾒｳﾃﾑｧﾊﾕｹ鯱ﾂｷﾕ靆ﾘｴ
ﾁﾕｴﾑｧｵ靉莉ｹﾕ鬢ﾗﾍ
- selection of technique
- diaphragms cones and collimators
- mobile lead screens
- lead rubber aprons and gloves
- safety factor of distance from radiation source
- dangers of holding patients
- minimizing film artifacts
- reducing retake
- special precaution with pregnant patients
- quality control programme
- general shielding, gonadal shielding
- field aperture controls
- devices and techniques to reduce radiation exposure
- filtration
- fast screen and film
- high kilovoltage techniques
- adequate focus-skin distance
- low mA in fluoroscopy
- image intensification techniques
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